Today’s Spotlight is on the Croissant.

A croissant is a buttery, flaky, viennoiserie pastry inspired by the shape of the Austrian kipferl but using the French yeast-leavened laminated dough. Croissants are named for their historical crescent shape. A croissant is a pastry that’s light, flaky, and buttery. It’s made with a yeast-leavened dough that’s rolled with butter to create multiple layers. The layers create a flaky, crispy texture.

Croissants are part of the Viennoiserie category of baked goods, which also includes Brioche, Danish, Puff pastries.

The word “croissant” is French for “crescent”. Croissants are inspired by the shape of the Austrian kipferl.

Croissants are usually eaten with: Coffee, Preserves, Sandwiches.

Croissants are made with:

• Yeast-based dough
• Butter
• Salt
• Sugar

Croissants are delicious in many ways. You can fill them with preserves for breakfast or use them as sandwich bread for lunch.

 

Hisrory

Croissants are considered a French specialty, but they originated in Austria. The first bakery to serve croissants opened in Paris. Marie Antoinette, an Austrian queen who lived at Versailles, is credited with introducing the pastry to France over 200 years ago.

The croissant’s origins can be traced back to 13th century Austria. The ancestor to the modern-day croissant was called the kipferl, which comes in various shapes and sizes. The kipferl was the German word for crescent.

According to legend, bakers in Vienna created the croissant in the late 17th century to commemorate the lifting of the siege of Vienna by the Turkish army in 1683. The shape of the croissant is said to symbolize the crescent on the Turkish flag.

The croissant became French when people began to make it with puffed pastry, which is a French innovation.

In 1839, an Austrian artillery officer, August Zang, founded a Viennese bakery in Paris called “Boulangerie Viennoise”. The bakery sold pastries including the Kipferl.

 

 

Here are some fun facts about croissants:

• Croissants were originally a luxury product, but by the end of the 19th century, they were middle-class.
• Straight croissants were considered superior because they were made with all-butter.
• The first croissants were called “hörnchen” and were made by an Austrian baker named Adam Spiel in 1683.
• The croissant’s shape is said to symbolize the crescent on the Turkish flag.
• Marie-Antoinette is credited with introducing the pastry to Versailles.
• The croissant’s name comes from the French word for “crescent”.
• The first verified evidence of the croissant in France was from August Zang, who had an upscale patisserie in Paris in the early 1800s.

Croissants are made with yeast-leavened dough that’s rolled with butter to create multiple layers. The dough is folded many times in a process called lamination. Then the dough is cut into triangles, rolled to form a crescent shape and baked.

 

Here is a Croissant Recipe for you to try:

What You Need:

• 1 large parchment paper, enough to cover a 5 x 6.5-inch block (1st parchment paper for the butter block)
• 1 large parchment paper, about 14 x 10 inches, folded in half to form a 7 x 10-inch paper (2nd parchment paper for the dough)
• Plastic wrap
• Heavy rolling pin
• 1 quarter sheet pan
• 1 half sheet pan
• A ruler with cm and inch markings. I like to use a heavy steel ruler with clean, precise edges.
• A sharp paring knife
• A sharp knife or pizza cutter
• Pastry brush (preferably one large, one small)

 

 

Ingredients:

• 85 g milk (⅓ cup) lukewarm
• 60 g water (¼ cup) lukewarm
• 6 g active dry yeast (about 2 tsp)
• 5 g honey (1 tsp) malt syrup, OR use sugar if you have neither.
• 25 g butter (1 ½ tbsp) melted and cooled.
• 20 g white sugar (generous 1 ½ tbsp)
• 250 g AP flour (2 cups, spoon and leveled)
• 5 g salt (about 1 tsp)

 

Tourrage (butter block)

• 140 g butter (10 tbsp)

 

Egg wash – whisk these ingredients until very smooth.

• 1 egg yolk
• 2 tbsp milk and/or cream

 

Instructions:

1. Dissolve the honey in the milk in a mixing bowl, and then whisk in the yeast. Set aside for the yeast to activate for about 10 – 20 minutes.
2. 85 g milk (⅓ cup),5 g honey (1 tsp),6 g active dry yeast (about 2 tsp)
3. Add the rest of the ingredients into the bowl in the order listed in the ingredients list. Stir with a spatula or spoon to mix it into a scraggly dough.
4. 60 g water (¼ cup),25 g butter (1 ½ tbsp),20 g white sugar (generous 1 ½ tbsp),250 g AP flour (2 cups, spoon and leveled),5 g salt (about 1 tsp)
5. Using your hand, knead the dough for about 1 – 2 minutes until a scraggly dough is formed.
6. Take the dough out of the bowl and knead it on a work surface until smooth – about 4 minutes. You shouldn’t have to put too much effort into kneading here because it isn’t a very stiff dough. Place the dough back in the mixing bowl and cover with plastic wrap.
7. Keep the bowl in a warm place, and proof until at least doubled in size (this can take about 1 hour).
8. After the first proof, turn the dough out onto a lightly floured surface and flatten it to knock out the air. Transfer the dough onto the second (larger) parchment paper and shape it into a rectangle. Fold the other half of the parchment paper over the dough, forming a 7 x 10-inch case. Use a rolling pin to roll out the dough to fit the 7 x 10-inch rectangle. (It doesn’t have to fill the 7 x 10-inch rectangle perfectly, just as closely as possible).
9. Cover the parchment paper encased dough well in plastic wrap and place it in a quarter sheet pan. Freeze for at least a few hours, or overnight.

 

Tourrage (butter block)

1. Slice the cold butter into thin slices.
2. 140 g butter (10 tbsp)
3. Arrange them on the 1st parchment paper (the smaller one), within the 5 x 6.5 inch marked rectangle. Fold the parchment paper over to enclose the butter.
4. Using a rolling pin, firmly hit the butter to make it more pliable. Then, using the rolling pin, roll out/spread the butter inside the parchment paper.
5. Make sure to roll the butter out into the corners, but also keep the butter evenly thick.
6. Transfer this butter block into the fridge until completely hardened (or overnight).

 

Enclosing the butter

1. IMPORTANT – when laminating the butter and dough, it’s REALLY crucial that they both have similar pliability and are cold. If my dough is frozen solid, I keep it at room temp. for about 30 minutes to let it soften slightly, before starting the lamination process.
2. The butter block is removed from the fridge just before lamination but made pliable by knocking a rolling pin against it repeatedly. It should remain cold.
3. Remove the parchment paper from the dough and place it on an un-floured (or very lightly floured) work surface. If it’s not quite a 7 x 10-inch rectangle, roll it out to the correct size, making sure it’s still evenly thick.
4. Unwrap the parchment paper from the butter block, but keep the butter still attached to the parchment paper.
5. Place the butter block on one half of the dough. There should be a very small border around the butter block, and it should still have parchment paper on top. Once the butter is correctly in place, pat it onto the dough to let it “bind” to the dough. Carefully peel off the parchment paper.
6. Fold the dough over the butter, end to end, completely enclosing the butter. Press the edges to seal the butter inside the dough. Pat the dough again to help the butter “bind” to the dough.
7. The dough should still be very cold. If it isn’t, wrap it and put it back in the fridge for about 30 minutes.

 

First lamination – double fold

1. Generously flour your work surface and dough. Place the dough on the work surface and using the rolling pin, gently press, along the length of the dough, to make sure the butter is pliable.
2. While maintaining the 5 inch (12.7 cm) width (short end), roll out the dough to a length of approximately 16 inches (40 cm).
3. Use flour as needed to make sure the dough doesn’t stick to the counter, and use your hands to keep the width even and straight. (You can also gently lift the dough as you roll to make sure it isn’t sticking to the countertop).
4. Work quickly to keep the dough and butter cold. If the butter softens too much, return the dough to the fridge or freezer.
5. Brush off excess flour on the work surface using a large pastry brush. Trim just a little piece of dough along the edges, to make the width straight.
6. Fold in about 1/8th of the dough towards the middle (about 2 – 3 inches). Bring the other end to meet the folded end. Make sure the two ends are as close together as possible with no gaps. Using a paring knife, make small cuts at the four corners of the folds to release the tension (4 cuts; please see pictures in the post).
7. Brush off excess flour on the surface of the dough. Now, fold the dough in half. Firmly tap the dough to keep the shape. Again, make cuts at the corners of the fold (2 cuts).
8. Wrap the dough with plastic wrap and refrigerate for at least 30 minutes (60 minutes is even better).

Second lamination – single fold

1. Generously flour the work surface and place the dough on it. Gently press into the dough with a rolling pin along the length of it to make sure the butter inside is pliable.
2. Keeping the short end as the width (4 inches / 10 cm), roll out the dough to 15 inches (38 cm). As you roll out the dough, make sure the final width is kept to about 5 inches. Also make sure the dough isn’t sticking to the work surface, and the width is straight and even.
3. Brush off excess flour from the surface of the dough using a pastry brush.
4. Fold in ⅓ of the dough towards the center (about 5 inches / 12.7 cm). As before, cut the corners of the fold with a paring knife to release tension.
5. Brush off excess flour again and fold the other edge of the dough OVER the first fold. Cut the folded corners with a paring knife to release tension.
6. Wrap the dough in plastic wrap and refrigerate for another 30 minutes (preferably 60 minutes).
7. Sheeting the dough (click here to see the image)
8. Place the dough on a well-floured surface – the edge where you can see all the folds should be facing you.
9. Gently press the dough with a rolling pin along the length of it to make the dough and butter pliable.
10. Roll out the dough to about 1 cm thickness (with an 8 – 9-inch width at the edge facing you).
11. Wrap the dough and refrigerate for about 30 – 45 minutes to allow the gluten to rest.
12. Roll out the rested dough to about 4 – 5 mm thickness. Use flour to make sure the dough doesn’t stick to the surface.
13. I like to keep a width of about 9.5 – 10 inches (23 – 24 cm) and roll it out to a 4 – 5 mm thickness. Again, make sure the dough isn’t sticking to the work surface BEFORE you started cutting the dough in the next step.
14. If, at any point, the dough becomes too soft or starts to shrink, wrap it and return it to the fridge for at least 30 minutes.

Cutting the dough (click here to see the image)

1. Cut a very thin strip along the long edges of the dough to have a width of 9 inches / 23 cm. Make sure the edges are straight and even. Use a pizza cutter or a sharp knife. Avoid dragging the knife along the dough as you cut it, as this can distort the dough. Simply press the knife or pizza cutter straight down to cut.
2. Along one of the long edges, make 3.5 inch / 9 cm markings. Then make 9 cm markings on the opposite edge as well, BUT these markings will be halfway between the markings along the first edge.
3. Use the ruler and a small sharp knife to connect the markings on the two sides with straight lines.
4. Using the marked lines as a guide, cut the dough with a pizza cutter or a sharp, long knife. You should end up with about 6 triangles, and a leftover piece.

Rolling up the croissant + proofing

1. Brush off excess flour from both sides of the dough triangle and keep it on the work surface.
2. Make a 1 cm cut at the midpoint along the base of the triangle. Roll up the base, while gently pulling at the two corners to make the base slightly wider. (The cut that was made along the middle of the base helps with this.)
3. Once you have rolled up the base once, then you can roll up the croissant the rest of the way more easily. Make sure the tip of the triangle is properly centered the whole way.
4. Also make sure not to roll out the croissant too tightly or too loosely.
5. Place the rolled-up croissant dough on the lined half sheet baking pan (6 on a tray), while making sure the tip of the croissant triangle is placed under the croissant. Gently press on the croissant to seal the tip at the bottom into the dough (take care not to squash the croissant!).
6. Cover with plastic wrap, and another half sheet pan on top. Make sure there’s plenty of space within the baking pans so that proofed croissants don’t stick to the half sheet pan on top.
7. Proof the croissants (somewhere that is about 25°C / 77°F) until doubled in size. The time can vary depending on the weather. I proof mine inside an oven with just the light turned on, and it still takes me between 2 – 3 hours.
8. The croissants have proofed if they have doubled in size, look very pillowy, and will jiggle a little when you give the sheet pan a shake.
9. Preheat the oven to 375°F /190°C, at least 30 minutes before baking the croissants.

 

Baking the croissants

1. Mix the egg yolk and milk together to form the egg wash.
2. 1 egg yolk,2 tbsp milk and/or cream
3. Brush with an egg wash (use a soft, small pastry brush, because the croissants are very delicate at this stage). Bake at 375°F / 190°C (conventional oven) for about 20 – 30 minutes until golden brown. Turn the tray once halfway through the baking time, if needed.
4. Remove from the oven and let them cool for a few minutes before transferring the croissants onto a cooling wire rack. Then let them cool down further to allow the insides to set (otherwise the croissants will be too soft).

 

Here are some tips for making croissants:

• You can refrigerate the dough for a day or two to slow down the rise.
• Most French croissant recipes use pastry flour (T45) to produce a croissant with a light, delicate texture.
• Bread flour or All Purpose can be used to produce a chewier, sturdier croissant.

 

Consumption

According to Statista, 142.30 million Americans consumed croissants in 2020. This figure is projected to increase to 145.06 million in 2024. On average, croissants are consumed 1.72 times every year.

The global croissant market size reached USD 6936.95 million in 2022.

Celebrating Croissants

National Croissant Day is celebrated on January 30 every year. You can celebrate by:

• Eating a warm croissant with butter
• Going to your favorite bakery for breakfast
• Showing appreciation for the pastry

Let us know in the comments if you have ever made Croissants at home from scratch.